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Emerging Diseases

Apart from basal stem rot disease, oil palm is also affected by other diseases. These diseases were currently considered as minor and emerging diseases in oil palm cultivation in Malaysia such as bunch rot, wet stem rot, leaf spot disease and orange spotting.

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Emerging Diseases

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Seed Diseases

Brown Germ

Biology and Symptom

Seeds (embryo and kernel) are infected by several species of fungi and also bacteria. The infected seeds are either rotten or failed to germinate. The plumule and radicle of some germinated seeds are black. The growth of infected geminated seeds is slower than healthy seeds. Some infected seeds are covered with white mycelium or white mycelium with greenish/blackish/yellowish spores depending on causal pathogen.

Infected seeds covered with white mycelium
Infected seed with white mycelium and greenish spot (spores)

Causal

Several species of fungi of difference genus have been isolated and related to brown germ such as Aspergillus, Pennicillium, Trichoderma, Fusarium, Chaetomium, Rhizopus, Schizophyllum commune and several types of bacteria. Infection is due to broken, dirty and contaminated seeds. Poor storage and high moisture enhance the risk of infection


Disease Management and Control

The disease can be managed with good practice during preparation of seed. Broken and dirty should be removed. Infected seeds should be discarded and destroyed immediately. Moisture content should be maintained below 17 % (dry weight). Seeds can be treated with fungicides by soaking in a solution of 0.2% thiram for a few minutes. If more than 2% of the seeds are infected, soak the seeds in 0.1 % mancozeb (80%) with 0.05% benomyl (50%) for 15 minutes and leave to dry.

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Oil palm is the major commodity crop for Malaysia. It is important to ensure its sustainability by improving yield as well as protecting the crop from pest and diseases.

The implementation of The Malaysian Oil Palm Industry Biosecurity Plan will be our first step in protecting and preventing invasive pests, diseases or weeds from entering our country, thus securing the future of the oil palm industry in Malaysia.

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